Permaculture is a design science, rooted in the observations of natural systems, that explores the design of human settlements that have the stability and resiliency of natural eco-systems. Coined by Australians Bill Mollison and David Holmgren during the 1970s, permaculture is rooted in working with nature to build sustainable environments and human settlements that do not degrade but rather improve the environment. It also reduces the reliance on industrial systems which Mollison points out are fundamentally and systematically destroying Earth's ecosystems.
Permaculture operates on 12 design principles. They are:
1. Observe and Interact
2. Catch and Store Energy
3. Obtain a Yield
4. Apply Regulation and Accept Feedback
5. Use Renewable Resources
6. No Waste
7. Design from Patterns
8. Integrate
9. Small Steps
10. Value Diversity
11. Use Edges
12. Creatively Use and Respond to Change
These principles, though new in terminology, have been used throughout civilization and are now being applied to modern environments such as urban settings and cultivating unfriendly climates.
by Janice Myint
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